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⚠︎ CI hits pull limits; the bill grows from egress
Docker Hub's 100 pulls/6 h (anonymous) is the category's most famous trap — busy CI or a K8s node will hit it for sure. Workarounds: sign in (200/6 h), Pro ($9/mo) or a Harbor proxy cache on your own server. On hyperscalers storage is cheap ($0.10/GB) but egress to the internet (~$0.09/GB AWS) makes public distribution expensive — GHCR public images are free, as is GitLab's registry (for now). Related: Kubernetes · CI/CD.
How to choose?
Open project: GHCR or GitLab — public images free, no rate limits. Private on a budget: Scaleway (€0.027/GB, EU) or GitLab Free. Inside AWS/GCP/Azure: same-cloud registry (egress to cluster free) — but calculate internet distribution separately. Own infra: Harbor (CNCF, €0) + proxy cache also solves Hub limits.